HUMAN HEAD
In humans, the adult skull is normally made up of 22 bones, consisting the cranium and the facial bones. The cranium is formed by 8 bones: the frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, the occipital bone in the back, the ethmoid bone behind the nose, and the sphenoid bone. The face consists of 14 bones including the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw). Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures, synarthrodial (immovable) joints formed by bony ossification, with Sharpey;s fibres permiting some flexibility.
HISTORY IN A SKULL
Like the face of a living individual, a human skull and teeth can also tell, to a certain degree, the life history and origin of its owner. Forensic scientists and archaeologists use metric and non-metric traits to estimate what the owner of the skull looked like. When a significant amount of bones are found, osteologists can use traits, such as proportions of length, height, width, to know the relationships of population of the study, with living or extinct populations.
MALE AND FEMALE SKULLS
In general, male skulls tend to be larger and more robust than female skulls, which are more slender. Male skulls typically have more prominent supraorbital ridges (situated above the eye socket.), a more prominent glabella (The most forward projecting point of the forehead in the midline of the supraorbital ridges. Also called mesophryon.), and more prominent temporal lines. Male skulls on average have larger, broader palates, squarer orbits, larger mastoid processes (a large, bony prominence on the base of the skull behind the ear, containing air spaces that connect with the middle ear cavity.), larger sinuses, and larger occipital condyles than those of females. Male mandibles typically have squarer chins and thicker, rougher muscle attachments than female mandibles.
All of these features vary considerably within human populations, making it difficult to identify the sex of a skull without knowledge of the population from which it came.
SHRUNKEN HEADS
A shrunken head is a human head that has been prepared for ritual use or trade.
Most known shrunken heads were manufactured either by indigenous peoples in Malanesia and Amazon Basin, or by European or Euro-Americans attempting to recreate the practice. In Amazon, the onlu people known to have shrunk human heads are the Shuar, Achuar, Huambisa and Aguaruna, collectively classified as the Jivaroan peoples of Ecuador and Peru. Among the Shuar, a shrunken head is known as a tsantsa, also transliterated tzantza.
HOW ARE SHRUNKEN HEADS ARE BEING MADE?
The skull was removed from the head; the maker would make an incision on the back of the neck and proceed to remove all the skin and flesh from the cranium. Afterwards, they place red seeds underneath the eyelids and sewed them shut. The mouth was held together with three palm pins. Fat from the flesh of the head was removed. The flesh was then boiled in water which a number of herbs containing tannins were steeped, then dried with hot rocks and sand, while being molded by the preparer to retain its human feature. The skin was then rubbed down with charcoal ash, with the belief that this would keep the musiak, or avenging soul, from seeping out. The lips were sewn shut and various decorative beads were added to the head.
WHY ARE SHRUNKEN HEADS MADE?
The practice of preparing shrunken heads originally had religious significance; shrinking the head of an enemy was believed to harness the spirit of the enemy and compel him to serve the shrinker. It was said to prevent the soul from avenging his death.
HEADHUNTER
A headhunter or head hunter is someone who engages in the cultural practice of headhunting.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
Among the headhunting Ilongots of Nueva Viscaya in the Philippines of old times, an upcoming father-in-law was expected to give his future daughter-in-law with a stock of knives and spears as a pre-wedding gift. While for the husband-to-be, the best present he could possibly offer to his bride was a freshly cut human head.
In humans, the adult skull is normally made up of 22 bones, consisting the cranium and the facial bones. The cranium is formed by 8 bones: the frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, the occipital bone in the back, the ethmoid bone behind the nose, and the sphenoid bone. The face consists of 14 bones including the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw). Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures, synarthrodial (immovable) joints formed by bony ossification, with Sharpey;s fibres permiting some flexibility.
HISTORY IN A SKULLLike the face of a living individual, a human skull and teeth can also tell, to a certain degree, the life history and origin of its owner. Forensic scientists and archaeologists use metric and non-metric traits to estimate what the owner of the skull looked like. When a significant amount of bones are found, osteologists can use traits, such as proportions of length, height, width, to know the relationships of population of the study, with living or extinct populations.
MALE AND FEMALE SKULLS
In general, male skulls tend to be larger and more robust than female skulls, which are more slender. Male skulls typically have more prominent supraorbital ridges (situated above the eye socket.), a more prominent glabella (The most forward projecting point of the forehead in the midline of the supraorbital ridges. Also called mesophryon.), and more prominent temporal lines. Male skulls on average have larger, broader palates, squarer orbits, larger mastoid processes (a large, bony prominence on the base of the skull behind the ear, containing air spaces that connect with the middle ear cavity.), larger sinuses, and larger occipital condyles than those of females. Male mandibles typically have squarer chins and thicker, rougher muscle attachments than female mandibles.
All of these features vary considerably within human populations, making it difficult to identify the sex of a skull without knowledge of the population from which it came.
SHRUNKEN HEADSA shrunken head is a human head that has been prepared for ritual use or trade.
Most known shrunken heads were manufactured either by indigenous peoples in Malanesia and Amazon Basin, or by European or Euro-Americans attempting to recreate the practice. In Amazon, the onlu people known to have shrunk human heads are the Shuar, Achuar, Huambisa and Aguaruna, collectively classified as the Jivaroan peoples of Ecuador and Peru. Among the Shuar, a shrunken head is known as a tsantsa, also transliterated tzantza.
HOW ARE SHRUNKEN HEADS ARE BEING MADE?
The skull was removed from the head; the maker would make an incision on the back of the neck and proceed to remove all the skin and flesh from the cranium. Afterwards, they place red seeds underneath the eyelids and sewed them shut. The mouth was held together with three palm pins. Fat from the flesh of the head was removed. The flesh was then boiled in water which a number of herbs containing tannins were steeped, then dried with hot rocks and sand, while being molded by the preparer to retain its human feature. The skin was then rubbed down with charcoal ash, with the belief that this would keep the musiak, or avenging soul, from seeping out. The lips were sewn shut and various decorative beads were added to the head.
WHY ARE SHRUNKEN HEADS MADE?
The practice of preparing shrunken heads originally had religious significance; shrinking the head of an enemy was believed to harness the spirit of the enemy and compel him to serve the shrinker. It was said to prevent the soul from avenging his death.
HEADHUNTERA headhunter or head hunter is someone who engages in the cultural practice of headhunting.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
Among the headhunting Ilongots of Nueva Viscaya in the Philippines of old times, an upcoming father-in-law was expected to give his future daughter-in-law with a stock of knives and spears as a pre-wedding gift. While for the husband-to-be, the best present he could possibly offer to his bride was a freshly cut human head.
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